A new study from Virginia Tech reveals that the virus behind COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is more prevalent in Virginia’s wildlife than previously known. Published in Nature Communications on July 29, 2024, this research highlights the complex interactions between humans and wildlife and raises important questions about the potential impacts on health.

Researchers from the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, the Department of Biological Sciences, and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute conducted an extensive examination of 23 common wildlife species in Virginia. Their findings indicate that six of these species showed signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and five others had antibodies indicating past exposure. The rates of exposure varied between species, ranging from 40 to 60 percent.

Among the affected wildlife were deer mice, Virginia opossums, raccoons, groundhogs, Eastern cottontail rabbits, and Eastern red bats. The highest infection rates were found in animals living near popular hiking trails and busy public areas, suggesting that the virus likely spread from humans to these animals.

To gather data, the researchers collected 798 nasal and oral swabs from live-trapped animals and those in wildlife rehabilitation centers, as well as 126 blood samples. This approach aimed to provide a thorough understanding of how widespread the virus is among wildlife in different environments, from urban areas to remote regions.

A notable finding was the discovery of new viral mutations in wildlife. For instance, a virus sample from a Virginia opossum showed mutations that had not been reported in humans before. These mutations could potentially affect how the virus interacts with human immune systems, posing new challenges for vaccine development and public health efforts.

The study also uncovered an interesting detail: two mice from the same location on the same day had the same virus variants. This suggests that the mice might have been infected by a common human source or possibly by each other.

Despite these significant findings, the researchers stress that there is no evidence to suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is being transmitted from animals to humans. The focus of the study was on understanding how the virus moves from people to wildlife and assessing the risks involved.

The scientists considered several potential sources for how the virus might reach wildlife. While wastewater was initially considered, they believe that discarded food and trash are more likely contributors. These factors could help the virus’s movement from human activities to wildlife populations.

The identification of new viral mutations in wildlife adds a layer of complexity to managing COVID-19. These mutations might lead to more transmissible or severe strains, complicating efforts to control the virus and develop effective vaccines.

The study underscores the need for ongoing surveillance and monitoring of wildlife to track emerging infectious diseases. By keeping an eye on the presence and mutations of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife, scientists can better understand the virus’s behavior and its impact on both animals and humans.

In response to these findings, researchers call for continued research and monitoring of the interactions between humans, wildlife, and pathogens. This understanding is crucial for preventing future outbreaks and managing the risks part of zoonotic diseases.

While the study reveals important information about SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife, the researchers assure the public that typical interactions with animals are not a significant risk for virus transmission. The emphasis remains on understanding and managing how the virus spreads from humans to wildlife to prevent further transmission and protect both human and animal health.

As the world continues to discuss the challenges of COVID-19, this research provides valuable insights into the virus’s presence in wildlife and highlights the need for proactive measures in public health strategies. It serves as a reminder of the intricate connections between humans, animals, and the environment and the importance of staying vigilant in preventing and managing infectious diseases.